A simplified, yet useful version of [Figure 9.9 on page 166 on Campbell’s Biology] GLYCOLYSIS:

Energy Investment:

1] Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose [using 1 ATP]

2] Phosphoglucoisomerase changes glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate [its isomer]

3] Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate [using 2nd ATP]

4] Aldolase splits into two isomers: dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

5] Isomerase alternates between these two isomers [but more toward glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Energy Payoff

6] Triose phosphate dehydrogenase stablizes the active form of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and oxidizes it by reducing NAD+ to NADH; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is then phosphorylated

7] Phosphoglycerokinase helps to: phosphate group is given to ADP and it becomes ATP [1 for each of two = 2 ATP] and the new molecule is called 3-phosphoglycerate

8] Phosphoglyceromutase relocates the phosphate group [switching it with a Hydrogen]

9] Enolase works to release water and thus creates a double bond [Phosphoenolypyruvate [PEP]]; The electron arrangement makes the phosphate bond very unstable

10] PEP transfers its phosphate group to ADP and becomes pyruvate.

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